Antibody–oligonucleotide conjugates (AOCs) represent a promising new biotherapeutic modality that combines the cell‑targeting specificity of antibodies with the gene‑modulating power of oligonucleotides. Designed to overcome long‑standing delivery barriers in nucleic acid therapeutics, AOCs enable targeted delivery beyond the liver to tissues such as skeletal muscle, heart, and the central nervous system. Their unique dual therapeutic behavior and large oligonucleotide payload introduce analytical challenges distinct from antibody‑drug conjugates (ADCs), requiring approaches such as size-exclusion chromatography–mass spectrometry (SEC–MS) and ion‑exchange methods. As analytical science advances, AOCs are poised to expand therapeutic possibilities and drive innovation in precision and personalized medicine.
