The Application Notebook-06-01-2010

June 01, 2010

In ion chromatography, the presence of a large amount of matrix ions makes quantification of the target ions difficult. Selective removal of matrix ions - matrix elimination - can be performed by treating a sample with a solid-phase extractant. Halides can be removed by precipitation with silver, which is present as a counterion in a cation-exchange resin. A subsequent treatment with a cation-trapping column removes residual dissolved silver ions.

June 01, 2010

The new 1 mm i.d. ProSwift® strong cation-exchange (SCX) column is a polymethacrylate-based monolithic column with sulfonate functionality (1).

June 01, 2010

The characterization of pharmaceutical salts is critical to the drug development process. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) salts influence the solubility, stability, and hygroscopicity of pharmaceuticals and affect the final drug formulation.

June 01, 2010

Biodiesel is generally produced by the transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fat with methanol. The triglycerides present in the feed oil (vegetable oil or animal fat) are reacted with methanol in the presence of KOH as the catalyst.

June 01, 2010

Comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry is a powerful method to identify target analytes in complex matrices. An example is shown of identification of pesticides in citrus oil.

June 01, 2010

Following the recent surge in popularity of flash chromatography as a rapid purification technique, two options now exist for small-to-large-scale purifications of crude samples.

June 01, 2010

LCGC is planning to publish the next issue of The Application Notebook special supplement in September. The publication will include vendor application notes that describe techniques and applications of all forms of chromatography and capillary electrophoresis that are of immediate interest to users in industry, academia, and government. If your company is interested in participating in these special supplements, contact:

June 01, 2010

Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhizae) is widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and remedies containing Danshen are traditionally used to treat cardiac and vascular disorders. Danshen Dropping Pills are a compound preparation consisting of Danshen, notoginseng, borneol, and other components.

June 01, 2010

Due to the mutagenic and carcinogenic properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the determination of these analytes is an important field in environmental analytical chemistry.

June 01, 2010

Synthetic and natural materials are used in motor vehicles to provide appealing and safe vehicle interiors. The manufacturing process for these materials include volatile (VOC) and semi volatile organic compounds (SVOC), which are released into the interior of vehicles. These compounds produce that new smell, but also create fog on interior glass surfaces of the car and can cause health issues.

June 01, 2010

Collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) are complementary mass spectrometric fragmentation techniques. We have used CID and ETD in different approaches to analyze tyrosine phosphorylation using a Thermo Scientific LTQ Orbitrap XL equipped with ETD.

June 01, 2010

Ingestion of DEG-adulterated glycerin excipients in pharmaceuticals and personal care products, such as toothpaste, mouth wash, and medicinal syrups has caused systemic alcohol intoxication, acidosis, and subsequent multi-organ failure that have led to hundreds of fatalities of children and adults (1). To help prevent future adulterations, the U.S. FDA requested that the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) revise the USP 32 NF 26 monograph to identify and quantify EG and DEG in sorbitol solutions at the maximum limit of 0.1%. The revised monograph (USP 33-NF 28) meets these criteria using GC-FID (2).

June 01, 2010

Heating is a common and essential requirement in most biopharmaceutical production methods. Chitosan is an amino polysaccharide obtained by alkaline deacetylation of naturally abundant chitin. It is known as a potentially beneficial material in many pharmaceutical applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, cell encapsulation, and medical devices.

June 01, 2010

The United States Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) released a revision to the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs, scheduled to become effective May 1, 2010. As part of the new guidelines, multiple changes were made for the confirmation of amphetamine-class urine analysis.

June 01, 2010

Odor causing compounds can find their way into drinking water from a number of sources. One of the most common compounds causing a "musty" or "earthy" smell is geosmin, which is released when microbes such as blue-green algae and actinobacteria die.

June 01, 2010

The resolution of time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometers continues to improve and attributes of the instrument that once were considered inconsequential have risen in importance as the push to higher and higher resolution continues.

June 01, 2010

Glycosylation is one of the most common forms of post-translational modification of eukaryotic proteins. Glycosylated proteins (glycoproteins) make up the majority of human proteins.

June 01, 2010

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are one chemical group that has been linked to increase ozone levels. When present in indoor spaces at high enough levels they can produce sick building syndrome symptoms in people.

June 01, 2010

Lactose, a major disaccharide found in milk products, is catabolized into glucose and galactose by the enzyme lactase. Lactose-intolerant individuals have a lactase deficiency; therefore lactose is not completely catabolized.

June 01, 2010

The release of certain chemicals from building products is of increasing concern due to their potential detrimental effect on human health and the environment; therefore, new regulations requiring the production of low emission materials are currently being implemented.

June 01, 2010

Eosin Y is an important tracer in groundwater studies for determining water migration paths and identifying the distribution of environmental pollutants.

June 01, 2010

When one is assessing the structure and function of a protein there are numerous analytical tests that are performed to fully characterize a protein of interest.

June 01, 2010

The amaZon series is the next step in Bruker Daltonics' family of ion trap mass spectrometers. Incorporating a number of new innovations to Bruker's highly successful ion trap technology platforms, the amaZon series is a true leap forward in performance and reliability.

June 01, 2010

Polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs) and Pirkle-type CSPs are often successful in achieving a majority of analytical and preparative chiral separations.

June 01, 2010

This QuEChERS procedure is specifically adapted to cereal grain matrices such as corn, oats, rice, and wheat using UPLC-MS-MS and automated direct sample introduction GC-TOFMS to achieve good recoveries of 176 analytes.

June 01, 2010

Fused silica capillary tubing is increasingly finding use in wave guiding applications. This application note discusses wave guiding optics in light guiding capillary.

June 01, 2010

Robust hardware and automated software are critical to method ASTM D7169. The Shimadzu GC-2010, equipped with an advanced flow controller, has proven to be reproducible and effective, and Shimadzu distillation GC software has achieved automation by integrating calibration, integration, calculation, and report functions.

June 01, 2010

Porous ODS columns are the most popular reversed-phase columns used in today's laboratories.

June 01, 2010

LEAP has developed a new instrument for collecting the entire mobile phase stream during metabolic profiling HPLC–MS analyses into a sealed, 96-well, LTuma plate.

June 01, 2010

Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) is a very effective sample clean-up technique, key to an accurate and sensitive analysis of pesticide, PCBs, mycotoxin, PAHs, and other similar compounds.

June 01, 2010

The costs associated with pharmaceutical testing are considerable and many lab managers are seeking ways to reduce costs by reducing solvent usage and improving productivity while still using the LC instruments in their lab.

June 01, 2010

With many "blockbuster" drugs losing patent protection, there has been mounting pressure across the pharmaceutical industry to shorten the time to bring new chemical entities (NCEs) to market and reduce the overall cost. This requires concerted productivity improvement in many aspects of drug discovery and development by continuously adopting new enabling technologies.

June 01, 2010

Quantification of substances, such as drug impurities or library compounds when pure standards are not available is difficult yet often necessary.

June 01, 2010

Benzodiazepines are commonly assayed to determine therapeutic dose levels and for forensic investigation. These drugs are commonly prescribed to alleviate pain and therapeutic dosing needs to be monitored.

June 01, 2010

In pain management analysis, urine is often used as it is a copiously available bodily fluid that can be collected easily and used for analysis. Urine, however, can cause difficulties in analysis due to the variances in the endogenous nature of the urine matrix, which can impact the chromatographic separation and quantitation.

June 01, 2010

The U.S. EPA Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water released Method 524.3, "Measurement of Purgeable Organic Compounds in Water by Capillary Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, Version 1.0," in the Federal Register on August 3rd, 2009 (1, 2). This new method contains an updated list of 76 VOCs that includes fuel oxygenates and two emerging contaminants of interest.

June 01, 2010

Explosive compounds are widely used in warfare, mining industries, terrorist attacks, and civil constructions. Explosive contaminated soils are mostly found on firing points, impact areas, and training ranges. The explosive contaminates in soil are possible sources for surface and ground water contaminations, posing environmental and public health risks due to the compounds' toxicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity.

June 01, 2010

Hamilton Company is best known for manufacturing precision fluid measuring products, including syringes for HPLC and GC. For the last 30 years Hamilton Company has manufactured HPLC resins and columns while developing separations for customers. Two of the separations are highlighted below.

June 01, 2010

Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used in high production volume manufacturing of polycarbonate plastics (for example, food containers and plastic bottles) and epoxy resins (1).

June 01, 2010

Grapefruit juice was analyzed by gradient UHPLC for naringin - a flavanoid that gives it its bitter taste. A ZORBAX Rapid Resolution HD (RRHD) StableBond-C18 2.1 x 150 mm, 1.8 µm column resolved over 60 peaks including naringin in 7 min, and was re-equilibrated in just 3 min by operating at a high flow rate (0.8 mL/min).

June 01, 2010

The identification and quantification of drugs of abuse in blood (plasma, serum, whole blood) has become very common in the forensic medicine laboratory. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) has been traditionally used at a basic pH (pH = 9) for the extraction of amphetamines, cocaine and its metabolites, and opiates from blood.

June 01, 2010

Many methods have been proposed to determine acylglycerols in biodiesel samples. This analysis is commonly performed by GC/FID (ASTM D6584/EN14105 methods).

June 01, 2010

In the production of biopharmaceuticals, there may be different analytical requirements for groups performing clone section, formulations and stability, and quality control (QC).

June 01, 2010

The fully automated combustion ion chromatography (CIC) system presented here combines a highly efficient combustion system with the separation power of ion chromatography (IC).

June 01, 2010

This paper describes the use of the AB SCIEX TripleTOF 5600 LC–MS-MS system for the screening and identification of unexpected contaminants in lake water, demonstrating the value of high-resolution, accurate-mass data, and retrospective data processing for the identification of nontargeted compounds.

June 01, 2010

Methacholine chloride is a synthetic analogue of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine used to assess bronchial asthma of subjects in respiratory function labs and epidemiological field studies (1).

June 01, 2010

The speed and accuracy of software-assisted identification of metabolites can be further improved by combination with rule-based metabolite prediction software.

June 01, 2010

For many years, the use of guard columns has been advocated by column manufacturers and other experts to protect and extend column lifetime and performance of analytical columns from potential damage caused by the presence of chemical contaminants and microparticulates in the sample and mobile phase.

June 01, 2010

Traditionally, summer is a time when the worlds of lab research and business slow down to a large extent. If you work in academia, chances are many of your students have returned home for the summer and the teaching load has been reduce, while those of you working in private industry and research labs may see coworkers taking long-anticipated (and well-deserved) vacations.

June 01, 2010

Heparin is well-known as an anticoagulant, antithrombotic drug. Chemically, it is a linear polysaccharide that is derived from animal tissues. For some time it has been known that heparin is not a homogeneous substance; rather, it is a heterogeneous mixture of molecules ranging in molar mass from less than 5,000 to more than 30,000 Daltons.

June 01, 2010

Since 2001 when they became available in North America, monolithic silica HPLC columns have become valuable analytical tools in the R&D and methods development laboratories.