Automated, high-sensitivity analysis of residual fumigants for food safety testing by multi-step enrichment–headspace–trap with GC–MS

This study demonstrates highly sensitive detection of residual fumigants in seeds and spices using MSE–HS–trap with GC–MS, achieving detection limits as low as 0.0018 mg/kg, well below EU regulatory limits. Excellent linearity (R² > 0.99), reproducibility, and throughput (40 samples/day) are achieved. Enhanced sensitivity with single-ion-monitoring (SIM) is also demonstrated for ethylene oxide and 2-chloroethanol.