
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and ion chromatography profile wasabi and mustard heat and acidity.
Bioassay techniques are pivotal in quantifying and characterizing the effects of substances on biological systems. Utilized extensively in biotherapeutics, diagnostics, and environmental sciences, these assays range from ELISA for protein and antibody detection to flow cytometry for cell health analysis. Bio-layer interferometry and cell-based assays further elucidate drug-receptor interactions.





