Application Notes: General

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The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology states the genetic information stored in our DNA is transcribed into an intermediate molecule, RNA, which is then translated into protein. There are three main types of RNA associated with transcription/translation: messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. All RNAs in the biological system carry post transcriptional modifications: chemical functional groups added to the base, the ribose sugar, or both. The gold standard in analytical technology for identification and characterization of these modifications remains steadfast in the realm of liquid chromatography hyphenated to high resolution accurate mass spectrometry. This paper covers how the analysis of native RNA is technically demanding and how RP-based separation strategies that avoid ion-pairing reagents are in demand. It highlights the use of Orbitrap Tribid MS for system evaluation with and without sulfolane to assess retention, signal stability, and fragmentation efficiency.

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The last AppNote in this Newsletter shows how liquid-liquid extraction of xylazine and medetomidine in plasma and urine can be fully automated and seamlessly combined with LC-MS/MS analysis. All critical steps - including extraction, mixing, centrifugation, evaporation, and solvent exchange - are performed by the MPS, enabling high-throughput workflows with excellent accuracy and precision at low concentration levels.

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This AppNote highlights how salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) can be fully automated for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) in beverages. The study demonstrates how automation removes sample-prep bottlenecks while ensuring consistent, robust results across a wide range of beverage matrices.

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This AppNote demonstrates how liquid-liquid extraction for fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in infant formula can be reliably automated in accordance with AOAC® 2012.13. Using the GERSTEL MPS, critical timing, mixing, and reagent addition steps are precisely controlled, ensuring reproducible and robust results.

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This AppNote shows how manual liquid-liquid extraction can be directly translated into a fully automated workflow using the GERSTEL MPS. The result: highly reproducible data, reduced solvent exposure, and far less hands-on time for laboratory staff. Even complex steps such as mixing, evaporation, and reconstitution are handled reliably - making LLE more efficient and better suited for routine analysis.

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Discover our comprehensive portfolio of analytical HPLC solutions, featuring the latest Agilent Infinity III LC Series, applications, and a selection guide.

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The quality and consistency of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) depend on the purity of their component lipids—a challenge that demands robust purification strategies. Using high-purity silica chromatography resins help enable consistent, scalable purification of those component lipids. Read the article to uncover three major challenges in the purification process, and the variety of ways high quality silica resins can help overcome the challenges of chromatographic process development and scale-up for lipid purification.

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Not all chromatography resins are created equal. Off-the shelf chromatography resins might not always meet the rigorous purification requirements of biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Custom bonded silica can address a wide range of separation challenges, leading to real performance improvements. Discover more about the latest innovations in chromatography silica.

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Enzymes in their free form can present challenges, but immobilizing enzymes on solid silica supports can significantly improve enzyme stability, recovery, and reusability. Silica’s mechanical strength and chemical robustness enable consistent performance, easier purification, and cost‑effective reuse. Read the article to learn more about the advantages of solid silica supports for enzyme immobilization.

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Particularly in the pharmaceutical industry, drug purity isn’t just a goal – it’s essential for achieving safety, stability and efficacy. However, purification is easier said than done, especially with challenging molecules like DNA and RNA “oligonucleotides,” due in large part to their diversity and the range of impurities that can be generated during production. Before you choose a chromatography resin for your next purification application, consider these five characteristics. Download the article to learn more.